Kedah
​吉打州


Kedah ( Malay pronunciation: [kəˈdɑh]; Jawi:قدح )
also known by its honorific, Darul Aman, or "Abode of Peace"[citation needed] is a state of Malaysia, located in the northwestern part of Peninsular Malaysia. The state covers a total area of over 9,000 km², and it consists of the mainland and Langkawi. The mainland has a relatively flat terrain, which is used to grow rice. Langkawi is an archipelago of islands, most of which are uninhabited. Kedah was called Kadaram (Tamil: காடாரம்; kādaram) by ancient and medieval Tamil people and Syburi (Thai: ไทรบุรี; rtgs: Sai Buri) by the Siamese when it was under their influence.[3]

To the north, Kedah borders the state of Perlis and shares an international boundary with the Songkhla and Yala provinces of Thailand. It borders the states of Perak to the south and Penang to the southwest.

The state's capital is Alor Setar and the royal seat is in Anak Bukit. Other major towns include Sungai Petani, and Kulim on the mainland, and Kuah on Langkawi.

The state is famed for its padi fields and is known as "The rice bowl" of the country.


吉打州（马来语：Kedah）
​位于马来西亚（马来半岛）西北部，北部与玻璃市州和泰国的宋卡府及惹拉府为邻，南部和西南部与霹雳州及槟城州为邻。

吉打州被暹罗统治的时期，被称为Syburi（泰语：ไทรบุรี）。

加上浮罗交怡岛的吉打总面积约 9425平方公里，总人口约1778188人。2003年的种族比例是：马来人（1,336,352人）、华人（252,987人）、印度人（122,911人）、非公民（35,293）和其他（27,532）。

吉打州的首府是亚罗士打（Alor Setar）。其他的主要城市有双溪大年（Sungai Petani）和居林（Kulim）。位于岸外的浮羅交怡岛（Langkawi，漢語圈常譯為兰卡威）是吉打州的一个著名的旅游胜地。

除此之外，吉打州盛产稻米，被誉为“馬來西亞米仓”。马来西亚的国父也是第一任首相的东姑阿都拉曼与第四任首相敦马哈迪医生都来自此州。


Historical
​Further information: British Malaya and Early history of Kedah

Candi Bukit Batu Pahat of Bujang Valley.Archaeological evidence found in Bujang Valley reveals that a Hindu–Buddhist kingdom ruled ancient Kedah possibly as early as 110 A.D. The discovery of temples, jetty remains, iron smelting sites, and clay brick monuments dating back to 110 A.D shows that a maritime trading route with south Indian Tamil kingdoms was already established since that time.[4] The discoveries in Bujang Valley also made the ancient Kedah as the oldest civilisation of Southeast Asia.[5]

Reference to ancient Kedah was first mentioned in a Tamil poem Paṭṭiṉappālai written at the end of the 2nd century A.D. It described goods from Kadaram "heaped together in the broad streets" of Chola capital. Other than Kadaram, Kedah was known with different names at varying times in Indian literature; Kataha-Nagara (in Kaumudi Mahotsava drama), Anda-Kataha (in Agni Purana), Kataha-Dvipa (in Samarāiccakahā), and Kataha (in Kathasaritsagara).[6] In the middle eastern literature, ancient Kedah was referred as Qilah by Ibn Khordadbeh in Kitāb al Masālik w'al Mamālik, Kalah-Bar by Soleiman Siraf & Abu Zaid al Hassan in Silsilat-al-Tawarikh (travels in Asia), and Kalah by Abu-Dulaf Misa'r Ibn Muhalhil in Al-Risalah al-thaniyah.[7] The famous Tang dynasty Buddhist monk, Yi Jing who visited Malay archipelago between 688–695, also mentioned about a kingdom known as Ka-Cha in the northern part of Malay peninsular, which according to him was 30 days sail from Bogha (Palembang), the capital of Sribogha (Srivijaya).[8]

According to Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa or the Kedah Annals, Kedah was founded by a Hindu king named Merong Mahawangsa. According to the text further, the Sultanate of Kedah started in year 1136 when King Phra Ong Mahawangsa converted to Islam and adopted the name Sultan Mudzafar Shah.

In the 7th and 8th centuries, Kedah was under the loose control of Srivijaya,.[9] In 1025, the city was conquered by Rajendra Chola, the Chola king from Coromandel in South India, who occupied it for some time.[10] A second invasion was led by Virarajendra Chola of the Chola dynasty who conquered Kedah in the late 11th century.[11] During the reign of Kulothunga Chola I Chola overlordship was established over the Sri Vijaya province Kedah in the late 11th century.[12]

It was later under Siam, until it was conquered by the Malay sultanate of Malacca in the 15th century. In the 17th century, Kedah was attacked by the Portuguese after their conquest of Malacca, and by Aceh. In the hope that Great Britain would protect what remained of Kedah from Siam, the sultan handed over Penang and then Province Wellesley to the British at the end of the 18th century. The Siamese nevertheless invaded Kedah in 1821,[13] and it remained under Siamese control under the name of Syburi. In 1896, Kedah along with Perlis and Satun was combined into the Siamese province of Monthon Syburi which lasted until transferred to the British by the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909.

In World War II, Kedah (along with Kelantan) was the first part of Malaya to be invaded by Japan. The Japanese returned Kedah to their Thai allies who had it renamed Syburi, but it returned to British rule after the end of the war. Kedah was a reluctant[citation needed] addition to the Federation of Malaya in 1948.

Since 1958, the hereditary Sultan of Kedah has been Tuanku Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah. The Kedah Sultanate began when the 9th Kedah Maharaja Derbar Raja or Phra Ong Mahawangsa, converted to Islam and changed his name to Sultan Mudzafar Shah I. Since then there have been 27 Sultans who ruled Kedah.[14]


历史
吉打州布秧谷（Lembah Bujang）遗迹历史可回溯至4世纪，是马来半岛最古老的文明。《吉打纪年》（Marong Makvamsa）作Srokam。元‧汪大渊的《岛夷志略》作苏洛鬲，来自吉打古名Srokam。[1]7至8世纪期间，吉打受三佛齐所管辖，之后又受暹罗（泰国的旧称）管治至到马六甲王朝在15世纪兴起为止。马六甲王朝于16世纪遭葡萄牙人所灭后，吉打先后遭葡萄牙、亚齐和暹罗攻击。为了避免暹罗的侵略，吉打求助英国的代表法兰西斯·莱特，并在18世纪先后把槟城和威省割让给英国。然而，暹罗最终还是于1821年侵占吉打。1909年，英国依英暹条约从暹罗取得吉打。

第二次世界大战，吉打（和吉兰丹）是马来亚最早被日本侵占的州属。日本把吉打交于暹罗管辖，吉打被改名为Syburi。战后，吉打又重归英国，并在马来西亚脱离英国殖民独立后，成为马来西亚的一州。


Region
​Cities
  • Alor Star - largest city and capital of the state
  • Sungai Petani - second largest city and industrial hub
  • Kulim - third largest city and earmarked for hi-tech industrial development
  • Yan

Other destinations


Special Thanks:
Sources Details from: Wikipedia & Wikitravel
Sources Photo from: Wikipedia & Wikitravel
Malaysia Kedah - 馬來西亞吉打州 - Acez Global Group 武士國際集團